Provide a response to the following questions. Written responses should be at least 30 to 45 words each.   1.     Explain and provide an example for each of the following types of variables:   a.     Nominal: b.     Ordinal: c.     Interval: d.     Ratio scale: e.     Continuous: f.      Discrete:   g.     Quantitative:   h.     Qualitative:     2.     The following are the speeds of 40 cars clocked by radar on a particular road in a 35 miles-per-hour zone on an afternoon: 30, 36, 42, 36, 30, 52, 36, 34, 36, 33, 30, 32, 35, 32, 37, 34, 36, 31, 35, 20 24, 46, 23, 31, 32, 45, 34, 37, 28, 40, 34, 38, 40, 52, 31, 33, 15, 27, 36, 40 Create a frequency table and a histogram. Then, describe the general shape of the distribution. 3.     Raskauskas and Stoltz (2007) asked a group of 84 adolescents about their involvement in traditional and electronic bullying. The researchers defined electronic bullying as “…a means of bullying in which peers use electronics (such as text messages, emails, and defaming Web sites) to taunt, threaten, harass, and/or intimidate a peer” (p. 565). The table below is a frequency table showing the adolescents’ reported incidence of being victims or perpetrators of traditional and electronic bullying. a.     Using the table below as an example, explain the idea of a frequency table to a person who has never taken a course in statistics. b.     Explain the general meaning of the pattern of results.   Incidence of Traditional and Electronic Bullying and Victimization (N = 84) Forms of bullying N % Electronic victims 41 48.8   Text-message victim 27 32.1   Internet victim (websites, chatrooms) 13 15.5   Camera-phone victim 8 9.5 Traditional victims 60 71.4   Physical victim 38 45.2   Teasing victim 50 59.5   Rumors victim 32 38.6   Exclusion victim 30 50 Electronic bullies 18 21.4   Text-message bully 18 21.4   Internet bully 11 13.1 Traditional bullies 54 64.3   Physical bully 29 34.5   Teasing bully 38 45.2   Rumor bully 22 26.2   Exclusion bully 35 41.7 4.     Describe whether each of the following data words best describes descriptive statistics or inferential statistics. Explain your reasoning. Describe: Infer: Summarize:     5.     Compare the three types of research methods and statistics.     6.     Regarding gun ownership in the United States, data from Gallup polls over a 40-year period show how gun ownership in the United States has changed. The results are described below, with the percentage of Americans who own guns given in each of the 5 decades.   Year % 1972 43 1982 42 1992 48 2002 40 2012 43  Are the percentages reported above an example of descriptive statistics or inferential statistics?  Why? Based on the table, how would you describe the changes in gun ownership in the United States over the 40 years shown? 7.     Refer to the Simpson-Southward et al. (2016) article from this week’s electronic readings. Was this an example of inferential statistics and research or descriptive statistics and research? Justify your response.

Provide a response to the following questions. Written responses should be at least 30 to 45 words each.

 

1.     Explain and provide an example for each of the following types of variables:

 

a.     Nominal:

b.     Ordinal:

c.     Interval:

d.     Ratio scale:

e.     Continuous:

f.      Discrete:

 

g.     Quantitative:

 

h.     Qualitative:

 

 

2.     The following are the speeds of 40 cars clocked by radar on a particular road in a 35 miles-per-hour zone on an afternoon:

30, 36, 42, 36, 30, 52, 36, 34, 36, 33, 30, 32, 35, 32, 37, 34, 36, 31, 35, 20

24, 46, 23, 31, 32, 45, 34, 37, 28, 40, 34, 38, 40, 52, 31, 33, 15, 27, 36, 40

Create a frequency table and a histogram. Then, describe the general shape of the distribution.

3.     Raskauskas and Stoltz (2007) asked a group of 84 adolescents about their involvement in traditional and electronic bullying. The researchers defined electronic bullying as “…a means of bullying in which peers use electronics (such as text messages, emails, and defaming Web sites) to taunt, threaten, harass, and/or intimidate a peer” (p. 565). The table below is a frequency table showing the adolescents’ reported incidence of being victims or perpetrators of traditional and electronic bullying.

a.     Using the table below as an example, explain the idea of a frequency table to a person who has never taken a course in statistics.

b.     Explain the general meaning of the pattern of results.

 

Incidence of Traditional and Electronic Bullying and Victimization (N = 84)

Forms of bullying

N

%

Electronic victims

41

48.8

 

Text-message victim

27

32.1

 

Internet victim (websites, chatrooms)

13

15.5

 

Camera-phone victim

8

9.5

Traditional victims

60

71.4

 

Physical victim

38

45.2

 

Teasing victim

50

59.5

 

Rumors victim

32

38.6

 

Exclusion victim

30

50

Electronic bullies

18

21.4

 

Text-message bully

18

21.4

 

Internet bully

11

13.1

Traditional bullies

54

64.3

 

Physical bully

29

34.5

 

Teasing bully

38

45.2

 

Rumor bully

22

26.2

 

Exclusion bully

35

41.7

4.     Describe whether each of the following data words best describes descriptive statistics or inferential statistics. Explain your reasoning.

Describe:

Infer:

Summarize:

 

 

5.     Compare the three types of research methods and statistics.

 

 

6.     Regarding gun ownership in the United States, data from Gallup polls over a 40-year period show how gun ownership in the United States has changed. The results are described below, with the percentage of Americans who own guns given in each of the 5 decades.

 

Year

%

1972

43

1982

42

1992

48

2002

40

2012

43

 Are the percentages reported above an example of descriptive statistics or inferential statistics?  Why?

Based on the table, how would you describe the changes in gun ownership in the United States over the 40 years shown?

7.     Refer to the Simpson-Southward et al. (2016) article from this week’s electronic readings. Was this an example of inferential statistics and research or descriptive statistics and research? Justify your response.

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